2010年12月大學英語四級考試常用語法精選(18)

　　1.　常考的幾種倒裝結構

　　1) 當表示否定或基本否定的詞或詞組位于句首作狀語時用倒裝。這類詞或詞組常用的有：never, nowhere, seldom, rarely, little, hardly, scarcely, barely, not until, not only, by no means, in no time, under no circumstances, under no condition, in no way, in no case, at no time, on no account等。

　　Never have I heard it before.

　　Nowhere can I find my lost watch.

　　Under no circumstance should a student cheat in the exam.

　　Not only was Churchill a statesman, but also a poet.

　　Note: 當 “no sooner … than”和“hardly/scarcely … when/before”位于句首時用倒裝。該結構表示“一…就…”，在時態(tài)上主句一般用過去完成時，when或than引導的從句用一般過去時。

　　Hardly/Scarcely had I got home when/before the bell rang.

　　No sooner had the performance begun than the lights went out.

　　2) 當here, there, then, thus, only, hence, little等副詞位于句首，句中主、謂用倒裝。

　　Here is the book for you.

　　There goes the bell.

　　Then came the order to take off.

　　Thus arose the division between the developed and developing countries.

　　3) 當 “so/such … that”結構中的so或such 位于句首時用倒裝。

　　So cold was it at night that I could hardly fall asleep.

　　Such was the force of explosion that all the windows were broken.

　　4) 分句以so, neither, nor, no more等副詞位于句首，表明前面句子中所說明的情況也使用于后面的句子時用倒裝。

　　Copper is a good conductor. So are many other metals.

　　He didn’t see the film last night, neither did she.

　　2. 強調(diào)句型

　　這里講的強調(diào)句主要是以it為引導詞的分裂句。其構成形式為：It is (was) +被強調(diào)部分+ that(who, which) + 句子的其他部分。被強調(diào)的部分通常為主語、賓語和狀語。

　　It is only when one is ill that one realizes the value of health.

　　It is what you will do that is essential.

　　Note:

　　在被強調(diào)部分的后面，一般用that引出句子的其他部分。但是如果強調(diào)的部分是表示人的名詞，那么也可用who;如果是指物的名詞也可用which。

　　It was Jane that/who lent me the money.

　　It was this novel that/which they talked about last night.

　　如果強調(diào)的是原因狀語從句，只能用because引導，不能由since, as或why引導。

　　It was because(不用since或as) he had never had the opportunity that John hadn’t learned to drive.

　　有三類句子成分不可以進行強調(diào)，即表語、謂語動詞和由though, although,　whereas等引導的從句。

　　It is although he is young that he can speak four languages. (誤)

　　Although he is young, he can speak four languages. (正)

　　It is whereas he prefers pop song that I like classical music. (誤)

　　I like classical music whereas he prefers pop songs. (正)

　　3. 使役動詞后的賓語補足語

　　使役動詞除了要有賓語之外還要加上賓語補足語才能使句子的意義完整。常用的使役動詞有：have, want, make, get, leave, set, let等�？梢該�當使役動詞賓語補足語的有名詞，形容詞，介詞短語，動詞不定式和分詞等。

　　All work and no play makes Jack a dull boy.

　　A good night’s rest will set you right.

　　Note:

　　動詞不定式可以擔當使役動詞的賓語補足語，但在make, let, have等使役動詞后，動詞不定式作賓語補足語時不用to。

　　He made her give up the opportunity.

　　What would you have me do?

　　Her pride would not let her do this.

　　分詞也可以擔當使役動詞的賓語補足語�，F(xiàn)在分詞表示正在進行的主動意義，而過去分詞表示已經(jīng)完成的被動意義。

　　Her remark left me wondering what he was driving at.

　　The joke set them all laughing.

　　He managed to get the job done on time.

　　I’ve just had some new photos taken.

　　4. 平行結構

　　在英語中，當兩個或兩個以上的同等成分(主語，謂語，賓語，表語，定語，狀語，賓語補足語等)并列時，要求它們的詞性或結構相同，即名詞對名詞，介詞短語對介詞短語，分詞對分詞，句子對句子等等。這就是英語的平行結構準則。一般在使用并列連詞如and, but, or, neither … nor, either … or, not only .. but also, both … and, more(less) … than, as well as，rather… than等時，要注意不要違反平行結構準則。