預(yù)測

　　在對付難文的閱讀時，一定要善于在理解已知信息的基礎(chǔ)上對隨之可能出現(xiàn)的信息進行積極預(yù)測。預(yù)測時，應(yīng)學(xué)會借助主題句、關(guān)聯(lián)詞語等篇章信息來提高預(yù)測的準(zhǔn)確性。

　　如，有一篇短文以這樣一句開頭：

　　Many people believe the glare from snow causes snowblindness.

　　Yet…這里根據(jù)表示轉(zhuǎn)折的關(guān)聯(lián)詞Yet，預(yù)測到下面可能出現(xiàn)的是主題句，又必然要否定本句中許多人的觀點，即snowblindness(雪盲)可能由glare

　　from snow以外的其它原因引起。原文緊接著的是：Yet，dark glasses or not，they find　themselves suffering from headaches and watering eyes，and even　snowblindness，when exposed to several hours of “snow light”.

　　據(jù)此主題，我們可以比較有把握地預(yù)測到下文將著墨于引起“雪盲”的真正原因，原文如下：

　　The United States Army has now determined that glare from snow does　not cause snowblindness in troops in a snow-covered country.　Rather，a man’s eyes frequently find nothing to focus on in a broad　expanse of barren snow-covered terrain. So his gaze continually　shifts and jumps back and forth over the entire landscape in search　of something to look at. Finding nothing hour after hour，the eyes　never stop searching and the eyeballs become sore and the eye　muscles ache. Nature offsets this irritation by producing more and　more fluid which covers the eyeball. The fluid covers the eyeball in　increasing quantity until vision blurs，then is obscured，and the　result is total，even though temporary，snowblindness.

　　但預(yù)測不一定總是正確，它需要在繼續(xù)閱讀中予以肯定、否定或修正。上例中下文的內(nèi)容與預(yù)測相近，表示理解過程正確。如預(yù)測與下文不一致，則可能：①對前面內(nèi)容的理解有偏差;②據(jù)以預(yù)測的那部分語言信息可能有多種不同理解，因而可據(jù)以作出多種不同的預(yù)測。

　　預(yù)測有順向預(yù)測和逆向預(yù)測兩種，上面提到的為順向預(yù)測。所謂逆向預(yù)測，實為預(yù)測的一種特殊形式，應(yīng)用于已知下文要推知上文的場合。閱讀中積極運用順向和逆向預(yù)測，除了上面談到的能提高對文章的理解深度外，還可幫助我們讀懂本來難以讀懂的章節(jié)。

　　判斷

　　在閱讀中，我們有時需要對文章內(nèi)容的正誤作出判斷，有時需要借助上下文對個別詞語的大意作出判斷，有時需要根據(jù)關(guān)聯(lián)，對上下文進行預(yù)測性判斷，有時需要 在綜合分析的基礎(chǔ)上，通過判斷得出結(jié)論，有時還需要對作者語氣態(tài)度、思想傾向等等作出判斷。判斷貫穿于閱讀的全過程，也滲透在各種閱讀微技能中。例：

　　(1) 判斷推測句中omnivorous一詞的大意

　　She has a wide interest and is an omnivorous reader.

　　根據(jù)句中她“興趣廣”這一上文和被修飾的reader一詞，可大概判斷omnivorous具有“興趣廣、什么書都喜歡讀”等含義。

　　(2) 根據(jù)前文，判斷下文

　　Laziness is a sin, everyone knows that. Nevertheless…

　　A) laziness can actually be helpful

　　B) laziness is a sign of mental illness

　　C) laziness is immoral and wasteful

　　D) you must be careful when you see someone lazy

　　根據(jù)第一分句的語義傾向和Nevertheless一詞，我們可得出這樣的判斷，即下文要談的內(nèi)容必然與之相反，即談?wù)揕aziness也有其有利、肯定的一面，故A最有可能。

　　(3) 判斷作者觀點

　　Which of the following statements was written by someone who prefers

　　small cars to large ones?

　　A) Their excellent gas mileage and even their improved interior

　　design notwithstanding，today’s compact cars simply fail to provide

　　the feel a traditional motorist yearns for.

　　B) They lack some of the size and even the character of the

　　full-sized autos we were accustomed to; but today’s compacts more

　　than make up for this with their excellent gas mileage.

　　本題要求我們對A、B中哪種觀點贊成小汽車作出判斷。A句中主句對小汽車予以否定，句首對小汽車的肯定性陳述又被notwithstanding一詞否 定。答案是B，第一分句講到小汽車的缺陷：缺乏大汽車的空間和氣派;第二分句則認為小汽車的緊湊及其優(yōu)秀的低耗油特征能遠遠彌補上述不足，前面以轉(zhuǎn)折連詞 將作者觀點轉(zhuǎn)向第二分句。

　　歸納是必須掌握的技能

　　歸納

　　歸納是一種由特殊(個別)到一般的概括，從閱讀理解角度說，所謂個別即具體細節(jié)，所謂一般即章節(jié)段落的大意或主題，歸納是由特殊細節(jié)推向一般主題的概括過程。

　　我們可以借助詞的上下義關(guān)系來領(lǐng)會掌握并運用歸納這一方法。

　　(1) 句子的歸納

　　A) Microwave ovens have eliminated many of the inconveniences　previously associated with the preparation of meals.

　　B) Many foods can go directly from the freezer to the microwave oven　without being defrosted.

　　C) Many microwave ovens can be pre-set to cook food while you are　away from the kitchen.

　　D) The microwave oven has greatly reduced the amount of time it　takes to cook a meal.

　　題中四句話都提到微波爐的好處，其中B、C、D

　　分別從方便、解凍、定時三個不同的方面具體講述微波爐不同于傳統(tǒng)炊具的優(yōu)勢，而A則從整體上覆蓋了上述三句的內(nèi)容，故A是對B、C、D的概括，上述分析、尋找最具概括意義之選項的過程即為歸納過程。推而廣之，我們可用之于段落和短文主題的歸納。

　　(2) 段落大意的歸納

　　Although most universities in the United States are run on a　semester system, which offers classes in the fall and spring, some　schools observe a quarter system comprised of fall, winter, spring,　and summer quarters. The academic year, September to June, is　divided into three quarters of eleven weeks each beginning in　September, January, and March, the summer quarter, June to August is　composed of shorter sessions of varying length. Students may take　advantage of the opportunity to study year around by enrolling in　all four quarters, Most students begin their programs in the fall　quarter, but they may enter at the beginning of any of the other

　　quarters.

　　A) Universities in the United States

　　B) The Academic Year

　　C) The Quarter System

　　D) The Semester System

　　本段由四個句子組成，各句大意分別為：1)有些學(xué)校實行四學(xué)期制;2)學(xué)年從9月至下年7月，前三個學(xué)期各長11周，夏季學(xué)期最短;3)學(xué)生可于任何學(xué) 期注冊入學(xué);4)但大多數(shù)學(xué)生秋季入學(xué)。通過上述四句大意的歸納，可知本段落主要講述美國大學(xué)的一種學(xué)期制，即Quarter

　　System，答案為C。

　　(3) 短文主題的歸納

　�、貾roponents of father-attended childbirth assert that the father’s　experience encourages him to develop a closer bond with his child…

　�、贏s a father of three teenagers from a previous marriage, one man　compared his past experience as a new father to being in the　delivery room during the birth of his newborn daughter…

　�、� Women report that they are much less anxious and more aware of　what is going on when their husbands are with them when they give　birth…

　　A) The Father-Daughter Relationship

　　B) Baby’s First View of Life

　　C) Dad in the Delivery Room

　　文章共三段，分別給出了各段的主題句。第一段談贊成女子分娩時丈夫陪在其身邊的觀點并認為這一經(jīng)歷有利于將來父子關(guān)系的發(fā)展;第二段從男子的角度談妻子 分娩時陪在其身邊的感受;第三段則從女子自身的角度提到分娩時有丈夫在身邊會感到踏實、放心。通過對三段主題句的綜合概括，全文共同討論的是：女子分娩時 要不要未來的父親候在產(chǎn)房，因此答案為C。

　　考生需具有一定的推理能力

　　推理

　　閱讀除了需要理解文章的字面語義外，更需要透過字里行間領(lǐng)悟言外之意及作者的語氣、態(tài)度，這就要求讀者具有一定的推理能力。推理的前提就是閱讀到的有關(guān)文字——可能是短語或句子或整個段落甚至整篇短文。

　　讀者必須由表及里、由此及彼，從字里行間悟出合乎作者本意的言外之意。推理的結(jié)果應(yīng)是既來自于字里行間、又高于字里行間;既符合原文實際內(nèi)涵，又超越實際內(nèi)涵;既基于已知事實，又不僅僅是已知事實。

　　正確的推理要求：

　　1切忌用自己的觀點取代作者原意;

　　2客觀推測作者立場、觀點和寫作意圖;

　　3庇賞一已知事實可推出不止一個正確的結(jié)論。

　　例：Apart from the obvious fact that rioters tend to come from the　less well-off section of the community, there is no evidence that　economic circumstances have any causal relationship with street

　　violence.

　　A) There is some evidence for relating economic circumstances to　street violence.

　　B) Not all the people in the community referred to are poor.

　　C) There is no evidence that economic circumstances result from　street viloence.

　　D) All rioters come from the poorer section of the community.

　　本例中，只有A可由原文推知，其中Apart　from所引述的正是經(jīng)濟環(huán)境與暴力的一種相關(guān)性;C否定了這一相關(guān)性，故與原文相悖;D與原句中 “rioters tend to come　from…”的原意不符：“往往”不等于“總是”;B則是原文第一部分的重述，不屬推論。

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