歷年考研英語(yǔ)試題命題特點(diǎn)及規(guī)律(寫作B部分)

　　四、寫作B部分的主要寫作方法

　　(一)主題句的寫法

　　1.主題句的特點(diǎn)

　　主題句是全段的核心。它由中心詞和限定詞兩部分組成。中心詞說(shuō)明討論的主題(topic)是什么，限定詞是把主題具體化，它限定討論的內(nèi)容，范圍和展開方式等。例如：

　　The first key factor to success is diligence， (what) which simply means no waste of time.

　　主題 限定詞 限定詞

　　I think you will make the decision according to the following factors.(how)

　　主題 限定詞

　　考生可通過(guò)回答How?Why? Where? What?等問(wèn)題來(lái)把主題具體化，選定限定詞。主題句的展開通常會(huì)出現(xiàn)如下問(wèn)題：

　　(1)過(guò)于空洞。只給出主題，未指出寫作內(nèi)容和展開方式。如：

　　The relationship is not good.此句可以通過(guò)回答what kind of relationships，to what extent等問(wèn)題將之具體化�？筛臑椋篢he relationship between family members is not as close as before.這樣主題句限定了關(guān)系的范圍，文章后面的開展方式——側(cè)重于現(xiàn)在關(guān)系的不好，又可以用對(duì)比的方式展開。再如：

　　Clothes play a part in our life.此句沒有限定寫作的大體內(nèi)容或方式，(是衣服的時(shí)尚性，還是實(shí)用性)，讀者不能預(yù)測(cè)下文的展開方向。通過(guò)回答“how”這樣的問(wèn)題，我們可將主題句具體化。改為：Clothes play a critical part in the conclusions we reach by providing clues to who people are。修改后的句子點(diǎn)出了文章的寫作內(nèi)容——根據(jù)服裝，可以判斷人。

　　(2)過(guò)于具體。太具體的主題句使段落后面沒有展開的余地。如：

　　He thought highly of her and helped her to find jobs of teaching at several institutions.

　　這種敘述性的句子，對(duì)事實(shí)的陳述過(guò)于詳盡，不適合做主題句。

　　2.主題句的位置

　　(1)位于段首，也就是開門見山。把主旨放在段首，使讀者對(duì)文章內(nèi)容、結(jié)構(gòu)等有個(gè)把握。在應(yīng)試中，這是十分行之有效的方法。如：

　　From the health point of view we are living in a marvelous age. We are immunized from birth against many of the dangerous diseases. A large number of once fatal illnesses can now be cured by modern drugs and surgery. It is almost certain that one day remedies will be found for the most stubborn remaining diseases. The expectation of life has increased enormously.

　　段首主題句清晰地點(diǎn)出本段的中心思想，后面從對(duì)疾病的免疫、治療，及對(duì)疾病的攻克三個(gè)方面說(shuō)明健康醫(yī)療狀況良好。讀者只看段首就可抓住段落主旨。

　　(2)位于段中。主題句出現(xiàn)在中間，起到承上啟下的作用，上文引出背景，下文可以用于分析。如：

　　Before China’s entry into the WTO，the common people were optimistic about what access would mean，believing that if joining were not beneficial，the government would not have spent 15 years negotiating for its entry. They were perhaps thinking that when the day came，the price of phone calls would be lower，and also house rents and that insurance services would be better. But they neglect the prospect of unemployment and other domestic crisis.Since China joined the WTO，some people，owing to advanced age and limited experience，may find it difficult to keep their work.

　　文章開始鋪墊了一個(gè)對(duì)待入世的積極的期待，而中間的主題句將文風(fēng)一轉(zhuǎn)，引出主旨：入世帶來(lái)的消極方面。然后文章從失業(yè)開始進(jìn)一步展開論證。

　　(3)位于段末。主題句位于段末，既可以點(diǎn)題，也可以總結(jié)上文，給讀者留下深刻的印象。如：

　　Ms. Yang，aged 50，works as a cleaner in an office building，and her annual income is about 20 000 yuan.She has signed up for an English language training course，the cost of which is much more than her annual income. Why English? English-based success stories have indicated to the Chinese that English means opportunities，wealth，and prospects.

　　本文先舉了楊女士花錢學(xué)英語(yǔ)的例子，然后引出問(wèn)題：為什么要花如此高價(jià)學(xué)習(xí)英語(yǔ)。段末給出結(jié)論，點(diǎn)出學(xué)習(xí)英語(yǔ)的重要性。結(jié)尾點(diǎn)題，給人以深刻的印象。