近幾年的英語(yǔ)寫作基礎(chǔ)試卷在考查內(nèi)容和試題類型上改動(dòng)不大,保持了命題的連貫性?疾閮(nèi)容包括三大部分:句子的組成、段落的寫作、應(yīng)用文寫作。題型有重寫句子、改寫病句、識(shí)別主題句、重新組合段落、識(shí)別與段落內(nèi)容無(wú)關(guān)的句子、寫信六種。本文將按題型順序?qū)Χ希希夏暝囶}的考核知識(shí)點(diǎn)與解題思路進(jìn)行分析和探討,同時(shí),也將對(duì)考生答題中的典型錯(cuò)誤作一剖析,希望能有益于準(zhǔn)備參加今年考試的同學(xué)。
上一講,我們對(duì)第一種題型"重寫句子"的考核知識(shí)點(diǎn)與解題思路進(jìn)行了分析和探討,并對(duì)考生答題中的典型錯(cuò)誤作了剖析。本講我們將研究第二種題型"改寫病句",病句中的一些語(yǔ)病在中國(guó)學(xué)生的英文寫作中十分常見(jiàn),值得認(rèn)真推敲。
第二大題 改寫病句(本大題共5小題,每小題3分,共15分)
Correct the errors in the following sentences
一, 考核知識(shí)點(diǎn):考查對(duì)連接詞(joining word)使用錯(cuò)誤的識(shí)別與修正。
●試題:
11. Your sales are up, therefore, your bonus is forthcoming.
●答案:
11. Your sales are up; therefore, your bonus is forthcoming.
●解題關(guān)鍵:
(1) 連接詞(joining word)可分為連詞(如:and, but, for, so, because, although, since等)和連接性副詞(如:therefore, consequently, accordingly, moreover, furthermore, otherwise, likewise, however, nevertheless等)。連詞和連接性副詞在用法上有很多相似之處,但也有不同點(diǎn)。
(2) 連詞和連接性副詞在連接兩個(gè)分句時(shí),前后使用的標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號(hào)不同:連詞之前常用逗號(hào)(,),之后通常不用標(biāo)點(diǎn);而連接性副詞之前要求用分號(hào)(;)或句號(hào)(.),之后常用逗號(hào)(,)。
(3) 該句最簡(jiǎn)便的修正方法是將連接性副詞therefore前的逗號(hào)(,)改為分號(hào)(;)。另外也可改為:Your sales are up. Therefore, your bonus is forthcoming. "評(píng)分標(biāo)準(zhǔn)"中規(guī)定:"與標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案不一致,但句子結(jié)構(gòu)正確,表意準(zhǔn)確,也得滿分。否則,酌情給分或不得分。"
●考生典型答題錯(cuò)誤分析:
(錯(cuò)誤)If your sales are up, your bonus will be forthcoming
(分析)原句中的兩個(gè)分句之間是因果關(guān)系,而不是假設(shè)關(guān)系。
(錯(cuò)誤)Your bonus is forthcoming, therefore, your sales are up.
(分析)有些考生識(shí)別不出病句結(jié)構(gòu)上的錯(cuò)誤,就以為句義有誤,對(duì)兩個(gè)分句的因果關(guān)系作了調(diào)整。值得注意的是,寫作基礎(chǔ)試卷改寫病句一題中的病句通常錯(cuò)在結(jié)構(gòu)上,而不是語(yǔ)義上。
二, 考核知識(shí)點(diǎn):考查對(duì)破句(fragmentary sentence)的識(shí)別和修正。
●試題:
12. People worked together on the assembly line. Moving quickly and efficiently. They wanted to make as much money as possible.
●答案:
12. People worked together on the assembly line, moving quickly and efficiently. They wanted to make s much money as possible.
●解題關(guān)鍵:
(1) 了解破句(fragmentary sentence)的特點(diǎn):把句子的一部分當(dāng)成了一個(gè)句子。英語(yǔ)中一個(gè)完整的句子必須包含"主語(yǔ)+謂語(yǔ)"結(jié)構(gòu),否則就是破句(fragmentary sentence)。
(2) 找出病句中結(jié)構(gòu)不完整的句子(即不包含主謂結(jié)構(gòu)的句子):Moving quickly and efficiently.
(3) 由于用分詞結(jié)構(gòu)而引起的破句的修改方法為:將分詞結(jié)構(gòu)還原為謂語(yǔ)形式使其獨(dú)立成句,或者將分詞結(jié)構(gòu)與其前面或后面的句子融合在一起。本句最簡(jiǎn)便的修正方法是將moving前的句號(hào)(.)變成逗號(hào)(,),使moving quickly and efficiently融入前面的句子,成為表示伴隨狀況的分詞短語(yǔ)。
●考生典型答題錯(cuò)誤分析:
(錯(cuò)誤)People worked together on the assembly line, moving quickly and efficiently., they wanted to make s much money as possible.
(分析)這是一個(gè)串句(run-on sentence),誤將兩個(gè)獨(dú)立分句合寫在一個(gè)句子里面而沒(méi)有適當(dāng)?shù)胤蛛x標(biāo)識(shí)。
(錯(cuò)誤)People worked together on the assembly line moving quickly and efficiently. They wanted to make s much money as possible.
(分析)moving的邏輯主語(yǔ)是people,不是assembly line,因此moving前必須有逗號(hào)(,),否則分詞短語(yǔ)moving quickly and efficiently就變成了修飾名詞assembly line的定語(yǔ),而不再是謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞worked的伴隨狀況。
三, 考核知識(shí)點(diǎn):考查對(duì)垂懸修飾語(yǔ)(dangling modifier)的識(shí)別和修正。
●試題:
13. Watching the parade, my wallet was stolen.
●答案:
13. While watching the parade, I had my wallet stolen. / While I was watching the parade, my wallet was stolen.
●解題關(guān)鍵:
(1) 了解垂懸修飾語(yǔ)(dangling modifier)的特點(diǎn):修飾語(yǔ)在句中找不到邏輯上被修飾的對(duì)象。分詞結(jié)構(gòu)、不定式結(jié)構(gòu)和介詞短語(yǔ)做修飾語(yǔ)修飾句子時(shí),易發(fā)生垂懸修飾現(xiàn)象。
(2) 修正時(shí),可調(diào)整句子的主語(yǔ),使之與上述結(jié)構(gòu)或短語(yǔ)的邏輯主語(yǔ)一致;也可將分詞結(jié)構(gòu)、不定式結(jié)構(gòu)或介詞短語(yǔ)帶上自己的邏輯主語(yǔ),將其擴(kuò)展成從句。
(3) 原句中做修飾語(yǔ)的分詞結(jié)構(gòu)watching the parade的邏輯主語(yǔ)與句子主語(yǔ)my wallet不一致,所以可將句子主語(yǔ)調(diào)整為I,或?qū)⒕渥又髡Z(yǔ)保持不變,使watching the parade帶上自己的邏輯主語(yǔ)I。
●考生典型答題錯(cuò)誤分析:
(錯(cuò)誤)While watching the parade, my wallet was stolen.
(分析)分詞結(jié)構(gòu)watching the parade前加上連詞while或when,不能改變其垂懸修飾語(yǔ)(dangling modifier)的性質(zhì),因?yàn)槠溥壿嬛髡Z(yǔ)I未變,而與從句的主語(yǔ)my wallet仍然不一致。
(錯(cuò)誤)Watching the parade, I lost my wallet。
(分析)修正病句不應(yīng)該改變?cè)涞囊馑肌eX包丟失的原因可能是被盜,但也可能是別的原因,例如由于粗心遺忘在某地等。另外,從這一修改中,可看出相當(dāng)一部分考生對(duì)have sth. done結(jié)構(gòu)不太熟悉。
四, 考核知識(shí)點(diǎn):考查對(duì)錯(cuò)誤平行結(jié)構(gòu)(faulty parallelism)的識(shí)別和修正。
●試題:
14. If a publisher rejects a novel, it is either because the story is unsaleable or the author is unknown.
15. Our new car not only is more user-friendly, but also it is more comfortable than our old one.
●答案:
14. If a publisher rejects a novel, it is either because the story is unsaleable or because the author is unknown.
15. Our new car is not only more user-friendly but also more comfortable than our old one.
●解題關(guān)鍵:
(1) 了解錯(cuò)誤平行結(jié)構(gòu)(faulty parallelism)產(chǎn)生的原因:平行結(jié)構(gòu)(parallelism)是把兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上意思并列的成分用同等語(yǔ)法形式表達(dá),如果意思上并列的成分用不同等的語(yǔ)法形式來(lái)表達(dá),就破壞了其平行結(jié)構(gòu)。
(2) either…or, neither…nor, not only…but also, both…and等關(guān)聯(lián)并列連接詞(correlative conjunction)用于連接意思并列的成分,所以每個(gè)連詞后所跟的成分必須有相同的語(yǔ)法形式。
(3) 14題原句中連詞either后是because引導(dǎo)的原因狀語(yǔ)從句,or后也應(yīng)補(bǔ)上because。
15題病句最簡(jiǎn)便的修正方法,是將兩個(gè)形容詞比較級(jí)作為平行成分,用not only…but also連接。
●考生典型答題錯(cuò)誤分析:
(錯(cuò)誤)If a publisher rejects a novel, either the story is unsaleable or the author is unknown.
(分析)從全句來(lái)看,這是一個(gè)邏輯關(guān)系模糊,句法不當(dāng)?shù)牟【。不過(guò)應(yīng)當(dāng)肯定的是,平行的結(jié)構(gòu)可以是單詞、詞組,也可以是從句甚至句子。
(錯(cuò)誤)Not only our new car is more user-friendly but also it is more comfortable than our old one.
(分析)not only…but also可以連接兩個(gè)平行結(jié)構(gòu)的句子,但not only后的句子必須倒裝,如:Not only is our new car more user-friendly, but also it is more comfortable than our old one.
另外,not only…but also連接兩個(gè)主語(yǔ)、謂語(yǔ)相同的句子時(shí)顯得啰嗦和沒(méi)有必要,故常用來(lái)連接兩個(gè)主語(yǔ)、謂語(yǔ)不同的句子,如:Not only is he himself interested in the subject, but also all his students have begun to show an interest in it.
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