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2007年新目標(biāo)初中十大詞類復(fù)習(xí)全攻略

   I.詞法

  英語(yǔ)中的詞可以根據(jù)詞義、語(yǔ)法功能和形式特征分為十大類,即名詞(noun)、代詞(pronoun)、形容詞(adjective)、副詞(adverb)、動(dòng)詞(verb)、數(shù)詞(numeral)、冠詞(article)、介詞(preposition)、連詞、(conjunctions)和感嘆詞(interjection)。

  一、名詞(n.) 表示人、事物或抽象概念的名稱的詞

  (一)名詞的分類

  名詞分為普通名詞和專有名詞,其中普通名詞包括可數(shù)名詞和不可數(shù)名詞,可數(shù)名詞可用作單數(shù),也可用作復(fù)數(shù)。

  可數(shù)名詞包括個(gè)體名詞(表示一類人或物的個(gè)體。如:boy,desk,cat,window)和集體名詞(由若干

  個(gè)體組成的集合體。如:family,class,police)。

  不可數(shù)名詞包括物質(zhì)名詞(表示無(wú)法分為個(gè)體的實(shí)物。如:water,paper,silk,money)和抽象名詞(表示性質(zhì)、行為、狀態(tài)、感情或其它抽象概念。如:work,happiness,music,difficulty,housework)

  專有名詞表示個(gè)人、地方、機(jī)構(gòu)、組織等。如:Tom,the Great Wall,the Spring Festival,F(xiàn)rance,the United States)

  (二)名詞的數(shù)

可數(shù)名詞有單數(shù)和復(fù)數(shù)兩種形式,其復(fù)數(shù)形式的構(gòu)成主要有以下幾種

  (1)一般情況下,在詞尾加s。

  eg.bookbooks,dogdogs,penpens,boyboys

  以輕輔音結(jié)尾的名詞后的s的讀音為[s),以濁輔音和元音結(jié)尾名詞后的s讀音為〔z〕。

  (2)以s,x,ch,sh結(jié)尾的詞名詞變復(fù)數(shù)時(shí),要在詞尾加es。

  eg.beachbeaches,brushbrushes,busbuses,box—boxes(es讀音為〔iz〕

  (3)以“輔音字母+y”結(jié)尾的名詞,先變y為i,再加es。

  eg.citycities,familyfamilies,documentarydocumentaries,countrycountries,

  strawberrystrawberries(ies讀音為[iz])

  (注:以“元音字母+y”結(jié)尾的詞,直接在詞尾加-s。eg.boys,holidays,days)

  (4)以元音字母。結(jié)尾的名詞,變復(fù)數(shù)時(shí)情況

  ①加eg.tomato—tomatoes,potato—potatoes

 、诮Y(jié)尾是兩個(gè)元音字母的加s,eg.ZOO—zoos,radioradios

 、勰承┩鈦(lái)詞變復(fù)數(shù)時(shí)詞尾加s,eg. piano—pianos

 、芤恍┟~的縮寫形式變復(fù)數(shù)時(shí),詞尾加s,

  eg.photo(photograph)photos,kilo(kilogram)kilos

 、輟ero變復(fù)數(shù)時(shí),既可加s,也可加 eg.zeros/zeroes

  (5)以f或fe結(jié)尾的名詞變復(fù)數(shù)時(shí),先把f或fe變?yōu)関,再加es。

  eg.wifewives,leaf leaves,halfhalves,knife—knives,thiefthieves(res讀音為[vz]

  (注意:roof的復(fù)數(shù)為roofs; scarf的復(fù)數(shù)為scarfs/scarves)

  (6)有些名詞由單數(shù)變復(fù)數(shù)時(shí),不是在詞尾加s或es,而是變換其中的字母,

  eg.manmen,womanwomen,policemanpolicemen,EnglishmanEnglishmen,F(xiàn)renchmanFrenchmen, footfeet, toothteeth, childchildren,mouse—mice,Ox—Oxen(公牛)

  (7)還有一些名詞的單數(shù)和復(fù)數(shù)形式相同。

  eg.Chinese,Japanese,sheep,deer,fish

  (8)另一些名詞本身即是復(fù)數(shù)形式,不可用作單數(shù)。

  eg,people,police,trousers,pants,clothes,scissors

  另外,①當(dāng)一個(gè)名詞作定語(yǔ)說(shuō)明另一個(gè)名詞時(shí),這個(gè)名詞一般用單數(shù)。

  eg.an apple tree,five apple trees,a girl friend,two girl friends,a twin sister

  但是,當(dāng)man和woman作定語(yǔ)修飾復(fù)數(shù)名詞時(shí),就要用其復(fù)數(shù)形式。

  eg.two men teachers,three women doctors

  ②可用“量詞+of+名詞復(fù)數(shù)”這一結(jié)構(gòu)表示可數(shù)名詞的數(shù)量。

  eg.a room Of students,two boxes Of pencils

  2.不可數(shù)名詞一般沒(méi)有復(fù)數(shù)形式,它的“量”的表示方式如下。

  (1)表不定數(shù)量時(shí),一般用much,(a)little,a lot of/lots of,some,any等詞修飾。

  eg,much money,a little bread

  (2)表確定數(shù)量時(shí),一般用“數(shù)詞+量詞+of+不可數(shù)名詞。如:two/three/…+量詞復(fù)數(shù)十of+不可數(shù)名詞。

  eg.a bag Of rice,two glasses Of milk,four bottles Of water

  3.有些名詞既可作可數(shù)名詞也可作不可數(shù)名詞,但詞義有所不同。

  eg: fruit水果fruits表示不同種類的水果;food食物foods各種食品;fish魚fishes魚的種類;drink飲料、酒a drink一杯/一份飲料、一杯酒; cloth布,a cloth桌布、抹布; sand沙sands沙灘; tea茶a tea一杯茶;chicken雞肉a chicken小雞;orange橘汁an orange橘子; glass玻璃a glass玻璃杯,glasses眼鏡; paper紙a paper試卷、論文;wood木頭a wood小森林;room空間、余地a room房間

  (三)名詞的所有格(表示人或物的所屬關(guān)系)

  (1)有生命的名詞所有格以及表示時(shí)間、距離、城鎮(zhèn)、國(guó)家等的名詞所有格。

  ①不是以s結(jié)尾的名詞變成所有格時(shí),在詞尾加’s。

  eg.Mike’s watch;Women’s Day

  ②以s結(jié)尾的名詞變成所有格時(shí),只加’。

  eg.teachers’office,students’rooms

 、蹆蓚(gè)或兩個(gè)以上名詞并列,表示共同所有,只需在最后一個(gè)名詞后加’s。

  eg.Tom and Mike’s room湯姆和邁克的房間(表示湯姆和邁克共有一間房)

 、軆蓚(gè)或兩個(gè)以上名詞并列,表示分別所有,需在幾個(gè)名詞后都加’s。

  eg.Mary’s and Jenny’s bikes瑪麗和詹妮的自行車(表示瑪麗和詹妮各自的自行車)

  (2)無(wú)生命的事物的名詞所有格常用of結(jié)構(gòu)

  eg.a map Of China,the beginning Of this game,the door Of the room

  (3)特殊形式

  ①可用’s和of短語(yǔ)表示的名詞所有格

  eg.the boy’s name=the name Of the boy(男孩的名字)

  the dog’s legs=the legs of the dog(狗的腿)

  China’s population=the population Of China(中國(guó)的人口)

  China’s capital=the capital of China(中國(guó)的首都)

 、陔p重所有格

  eg.a fiend of my mother’s我媽媽的一個(gè)朋友

  a picture of Tom’s湯姆的一張圖片

   二、代詞(pron.)代替名詞,兼有名詞和形容詞的作用

  相互代詞 each other,one another

  指示代詞 this,that,these,those

   不定代詞(不指明特定的人或事物的代詞)each,every,both,all,either,neither,none,no,one,(a)few,(a)little,some,any,many,much,other,another

  復(fù)合不定代詞everybody,somebody,anybody,nobody,everyone,someone,anyone,no one,every-thing,something,anything,nothing

  疑問(wèn)代詞 what,who,whom,which,whose

  直接代詞 疑問(wèn)代詞都可作連接代詞,引導(dǎo)賓語(yǔ)從句.表語(yǔ)從句等。

  關(guān)系代詞 who,whom,whose,that,which用引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句。

  (二)代詞的用法

人稱代詞、物主代詞、反身代詞、相互代詞和指示代詞的用法

  (1)人稱代詞有主格和賓格之分,主格用來(lái)作主語(yǔ),賓格用來(lái)作動(dòng)詞或介詞的賓語(yǔ)等。

  eg. She gavemea red apple.她給了我一個(gè)紅蘋果: (She作主語(yǔ),me作動(dòng)詞賓語(yǔ))

  Kathy is near him.凱西靠近他。(介詞near的賓語(yǔ))

  2,物主代詞有形容詞性物主代詞和名詞性物主代詞之分。

  ①形容詞性物主代詞位于名詞前:their school,his backpack

 、诿~性物主代詞相當(dāng)干一個(gè)名詞,在句中可作主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)等,后面不能再接名詞。

  egIt isn’t my pen.→Mine(=my pen) is missing.(作主語(yǔ))

  I left my pen at home. You can use hers(=her pen),(作賓語(yǔ))

 、"of+名詞性物主代詞”屬雙重所有格的一種形式。

  eg.a cat of hers她的一條狗,a friend of yours你的一個(gè)朋友

  (3)反身代詞

 、俜瓷泶~在句中可作同位語(yǔ),起強(qiáng)調(diào)作用,也可作動(dòng)詞或介詞的賓語(yǔ)。

  eg.A few days later,I myself had to go to Paris.(作同位語(yǔ))

  She bought herself a new bag.(作動(dòng)詞賓語(yǔ))

  He‘s not worried about himself.(作介詞賓語(yǔ))

 、趲в蟹瓷泶~的常用短語(yǔ)。

  teach oneself自學(xué)

  help oneself to隨便吃些…吧

  say to oneself自言自語(yǔ).

  learn...by oneself自學(xué)…

  enjoy oneself過(guò)得愉快

  leave one by oneself把某人單獨(dú)留下

  hurt oneself傷了自己

  dress oneself自己穿衣服

  come to oneself蘇醒過(guò)來(lái)

  (4)相互代詞

  ①表示相互關(guān)系,可用作動(dòng)詞或介詞的賓語(yǔ),用法區(qū)別不大。

  eg. For years, the two sisters looked after one another(each other).多年來(lái)姐妹倆互相照顧。

  We should learn from each other. 我們應(yīng)當(dāng)互相學(xué)習(xí)。

  ②可以用格表示所有關(guān)系:each other’s, one another’s互相的,彼此的

  eg.They are looking at each other’s pictures.他們相互看對(duì)方的照片。

  (5)指示代詞

 、僦甘敬~有單復(fù)數(shù)之分,既可指物,也可用于介紹人。

  eg. This is an apple tree,and that is an orange tree.這是一棵蘋果樹,那是一棵桔子樹。

  These are my friends,and that is my sister.這些是我朋友,那個(gè)是我姐姐。

  ②指示代詞可用來(lái)指上文中提到的事情

  eg.Steve had a bad cold.This/That was why he didn’t come to school yesterday·

  2.不定代詞的用法

  (1)each,every,both,all,either,neither,no,none的用法

 、賓ach"每個(gè)/各個(gè)”(強(qiáng)調(diào)個(gè)體),用于兩者或兩者以上。

  eg.Two girls came and l gave an apple to each.來(lái)了倆姑娘,我給她們每人一個(gè)蘋果。

  Each of them has a nice ring.她們每人有一枚漂亮的戒指。

  ②every"每個(gè)/各個(gè)”(強(qiáng)調(diào)全體),用于兩者以上。every常作形容詞用。

  eg.Everyday is important to us.每天對(duì)我們都很重要。

  He has read every book(all the books) On the subject.他閱讀了所有有關(guān)這個(gè)主題的書。

 、踒oth表示兩者“都”(強(qiáng)調(diào)全體)。

  eg.Her parents are both doctors.她父母都是醫(yī)生。

  Both of them are doctors.他倆都是醫(yī)生。

  They both like potatoes.他倆喜歡吃土豆。

 、躠ll“全體/大家/一切”用于三者以上,也可接不可數(shù)名詞。

  eg.That’s all for today.今天到此為止。

  All of us are from China.我們都來(lái)自中國(guó)。

  All the food is delicious.所有的食物都很好吃。

 、輊ither“兩者之一”,用于兩者(強(qiáng)調(diào)個(gè)體)。

  eg.The two coats are cheap,so you can choose either of them.那兩件外套不貴,你可以隨便挑一件。

 、辬either“兩個(gè)都不”,用于否定兩者。

  eg. Neither Of the books is/are so interesting.那兩本書沒(méi)一本好看的。

 、遪o(=not any/not a)“沒(méi)有”可接可數(shù)名詞單復(fù)數(shù),也可接不可數(shù)名詞。

  eg.I have no brothers Or sisters.我沒(méi)有兄弟姐妹.

  A clock has no mouth,but it can talk. 鐘表沒(méi)有嘴,但能說(shuō)話。

  There is no fire without some smoke.有火就有煙。

  ⑧none“沒(méi)有一個(gè)人/物”用于否定三者或三者以上的可數(shù)名{司。

  eg.None Of them has/have been to Japan.他們都沒(méi)去過(guò)日本。

  I like none of the books.這些書我全都不喜歡。

 、醤either和none表示完全否定;all,both,each和every(含every的復(fù)合詞)等與not連用時(shí)表示部分否定。

  eg.I don’t know all of you.我不完全認(rèn)識(shí)你們。

  Not everyone Of us know how to go there.不是我們每個(gè)人都知道怎樣去那兒。

  (2)one,ones和no one的用法

  one用來(lái)代替前面剛提到的一個(gè)東西或一個(gè)人,以免重復(fù);復(fù)數(shù)ones用來(lái)代替前面提到的一些物或一些人;no one表示否定。

  eg.Would you please pass me the science book?給我遞過(guò)那本科學(xué)方面的書好嗎?

  一Which one?哪一本?

  一The one on my shelf.我書架上的那本。

  No one has traveled farther than to the moon.沒(méi)有人旅行遠(yuǎn)過(guò)月球。

  (3)(a)few,(a)little;many,much;some,any的用法

 、賛any(+復(fù)數(shù)名詞),much(+不可數(shù)名詞)表示“許多/很多”。

  eg.Many Of the students come from England.那些學(xué)生許多是從英國(guó)來(lái)的。

  Thanks,it’s too much for me.謝謝,我承受不起。

  ②few(+復(fù)數(shù)名詞),little(+不可數(shù)名詞)表示“沒(méi)多/很少”(表否定)。

  eg,There were few people in the street last night.昨晚街上沒(méi)什么人。

  I am very worried that l have little time to finish the job.我擔(dān)心,我?guī)缀鯖](méi)有時(shí)間完成這份工作了。

  ③a few(+復(fù)數(shù)名詞),a little(+不可數(shù)名詞)表示“有一些/有幾個(gè)”(表肯定)。

  eg.I call see a few cakes and a little bread inthe fridge.我看到冰箱里有幾塊蛋糕和一些面包。注意:quite a few表示“相當(dāng)多”

  eg.There are quite a few students over there.那兒有相當(dāng)多的學(xué)生。

  ④some(+復(fù)數(shù)名詞/不可數(shù)名詞),any(+復(fù)數(shù)名詞/不可數(shù)名詞)表示“有一些/有幾個(gè)”(表肯定)。

  eg.There are some birds in the tree.樹上有些鳥。

  There is some water in the bottle.瓶里有些水。

  I don’t have any brothers Of sisters.我沒(méi)有

  Is there any tea in the cup?杯子里有茶嗎?

  ⑤.some一般用于肯定句,但在表示請(qǐng)求、建議。反問(wèn)等的疑問(wèn)句中,多用some。

  eg: Would you like some beer?你要不要來(lái)點(diǎn)啤酒嗎?

  Why didn’t you buy some sweets?(You should have bought...)你怎么沒(méi)買點(diǎn)糖果?

 、.any一般用于疑問(wèn)句和否定句及條件從句

  eg.There isn‘t any water left.沒(méi)有剩下一點(diǎn)水。

  If you have any questions, put up your hands。please.如果有問(wèn)題,請(qǐng)舉手。

 、撸簊ome+單數(shù)名詞表示“某一個(gè)”,any+單數(shù)名詞表示“隨便哪一個(gè)”或“任何一個(gè)”。

  eg.I‘ll catch up with you some day有一天我會(huì)趕上你的。

  Come any day you like.你哪天來(lái)都行。

  Tom is taller than any other student in his class.湯姆比他班上其他任何一個(gè)學(xué)生都高。

 、躱ne ,other, others, the others ,another等的用法

○ ● one……the other

  表示兩個(gè)人或兩件東西中的“一個(gè)…另一個(gè)”

  eg.Mr Smith has two daughters.0ne is a teacher,the other is a nurse.

  2.○ ○○●○ one ………another

  表示不定數(shù)目中的“一個(gè)”與“另—個(gè)”。

  eg. I don’t want this One, please give me another.

  3.○ ●●● one ……the others

  強(qiáng)調(diào)在一定范圍中的“一個(gè)”與“其余的”。

  eg. In Our school One Of the teachers is American,the Others are Chinese.

  4.○○○ ●●●● some…… the others

  表示許多人或物,不在一定范圍中的“一部分”與“其余的全部”。

  eg.Some students are reading,the others are drawing pictures.

 、輔thers=other+名詞;the others=the Other+名詞。

  eg.Some students like traveling,others(other students) like watching TV at home.

 、轪nother表示“再/又”時(shí)既可接單數(shù)名詞,也可接數(shù)詞+復(fù)數(shù)名詞。

  eg. He will be able to finish his work in another two hours.再過(guò)兩個(gè)小時(shí)他就能完成他的工作。

  (4)復(fù)合不定代詞的用法

 、?gòu)?fù)合不定代詞作主語(yǔ)時(shí),謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)形式。

  eg.Someone is knocking at the door.有人在敲門

  ②修飾復(fù)合不定代詞的形容詞或其它詞要放在其后,即定語(yǔ)后置。

  eg.There is something important On today’s newspaper.今天的報(bào)紙有些重要新聞。

 、蹚(fù)合不定代詞變否定句時(shí),要否定主語(yǔ)

  eg.Something is wrong.(變?yōu)榉穸ň?

  Something isn’t wrong.(錯(cuò)誤)

  Nothing is wrong.(正確)

 、躍omebody,someone,something一般用于肯定句;anybody,anyone,anything一般用于否定句、疑問(wèn)句及條件句。

  eg.There is something new in the park.公園里有些新的景點(diǎn)。

  Do you have anything interesting to tell us?你有什么有趣的事要告訴我們嗎?

 、莓(dāng)somebody,someone等用于疑問(wèn)句時(shí),表示肯定、請(qǐng)求、建議或反問(wèn);anybody,anyone等用在肯定句中表示“任何人”。

  eg.Is someone coming this afternoon?今天下午有客人來(lái)嗎?

  Anyone can make mistakes. 任何人都可能犯錯(cuò)誤。

  3.疑問(wèn)代詞的用法。

  (1)who/whom 誰(shuí)(指人).

  ①作主語(yǔ) eg. Who wants to go with him?

 、谧髻e語(yǔ) eg.Who/Whom are you waiting for?(作介詞for的賓語(yǔ))

  eg.Who/Whom do you want tomeet?(作動(dòng)詞meet的賓語(yǔ))

  ③作表語(yǔ) eg.Who/Whom are they?

  (2)whose誰(shuí)的

 、僮鞫ㄕZ(yǔ) eg. Whose pen is this?

 、谧鞅碚Z(yǔ) eg. Whose is this pen?

  (3)which哪一個(gè),哪一些

 、僮鞫ㄕZ(yǔ) eg.Which girl is Kathy?

 、谧鞅碚Z(yǔ) eg. Which is the boy’s ball?

  (4)what什么

  ①作主主語(yǔ) eg. What’s on the table?

 、谧髻e語(yǔ) eg. What are you doing?

  ③作表語(yǔ) eg. What is he?

 、茏鞫ㄕZ(yǔ) eg. What class are you in?

  4.關(guān)系代詞的用法

  關(guān)系代詞用來(lái)引起定語(yǔ)從句,它一方面代表定語(yǔ)從句所修飾的那個(gè)名詞或代詞,另方面又在從句中充當(dāng)一個(gè)成分。

  eg·This is the man who gave me the book. 這就是給我書的那個(gè)人。

  The money that/which is on the table is mine. 桌上的錢是我的。

  The money that/which my mother gave me is on the table. 我媽媽給我的錢在桌上。

 

   三、形容詞(adj.) 表示人和事物的特征,對(duì)名詞起修飾和描繪作用

  四、副詞(adv.) 表示動(dòng)作特征或性狀,主要修飾動(dòng)詞、形容詞、副詞及整個(gè)句子

  (一)形容詞的用法及位置

   1.形容詞在句中作定語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)等,作定語(yǔ)時(shí)一般放在名詞前。

  Eg. She has short hair.(作定語(yǔ))

  Paul is tall.(作表語(yǔ))

  We must keep our room clean.(作賓補(bǔ))

  2.形容詞修飾不定代詞時(shí)放在其后。

  eg.She has something important to tell us./

  There’s nothing wrong in the sentence.

  (二)副詞的種類、用法及位置

副詞的種類

  (1)時(shí)間副詞

  ①表示大體時(shí)間:now,then,yesterday,today, tonight,before,justnow,recently,sO faf

 、诒硎绢l率:always,usually,often,sometimes.seldom,never

 、燮渌饔茫篴lready,yet,late,early,soon,at once,immediately,atfirst,at last,finally

  (2)地點(diǎn)副詞

 、俦淼攸c(diǎn):here,there,home,abroad,upstairs,downstairs,anywhere,everywhere,nowhere,somewhere

  ②表位置關(guān)系(后接賓語(yǔ)時(shí),用作介詞):above,below,round,around,down,up,in,out,inside,outside,across,back,along,over,away,near,off,past

  (3)方式副詞 表示謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞“怎樣地”,(此類副詞大部分由形容詞加ly構(gòu)成):badly,bravely,gratefully,calmly,carefully,carelessly,nervously,proudly,patiently,politely,sadly,properly,rapidly,wrongly,suddenly

  (4)程度副詞 多數(shù)用來(lái)修飾形容詞或副詞:much,(a)little,a bit,very,sO,too,enough,quite,rather,completely,terribly,deeply,nearly,almost,hardly

  (5)疑問(wèn)副詞 構(gòu)成特殊疑問(wèn)句:how,when, where,why

  (6)連接副詞 連接主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)或表語(yǔ)從句:how,when,where,why

  (7)關(guān)系副詞 引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句:when,where,why

  (8)其它性質(zhì)的副詞 對(duì)整個(gè)句子進(jìn)行說(shuō)明,一般用逗號(hào)與主句隔開(kāi):frankly(坦率地說(shuō),說(shuō)真的),generally(一般說(shuō)來(lái)),luckily(幸運(yùn)地是),first of all(首先)等。

  2.副詞的用法及位置

  (1)修飾動(dòng)詞作狀語(yǔ)

  ①多數(shù)位于動(dòng)詞之后,及物動(dòng)詞的賓語(yǔ)或介問(wèn)的賓語(yǔ)之后。

  eg.The farmers are working hard in the field.

  She speaks English well.

  The nurse looks after the babies carefully.

 、陬l度副詞放在動(dòng)詞前,情態(tài)動(dòng)詞和助動(dòng)詞之后。

  eg.He always goes to school On foot.

  She was often late for school.

  I have never been to Beijing·

  (2)修飾形容詞作狀語(yǔ),放在形容詞前。

  eg.He has a very nice watch.

  The box is too heavy.

  (3)修飾另一副詞作狀語(yǔ),放在另一副詞前。

  eg.She paints quite well.

  You speak too fast.I can’t understand you.

  (4)作表語(yǔ),放在系動(dòng)詞后。

  eg.Is anybody in?

  (5)作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ),放在賓語(yǔ)之后。

  eg.I saw him out just now.

  (6)作定語(yǔ),放在名詞之后。

  eg.There is a man:here On vacation.

  (7)疑問(wèn)副詞、修飾整個(gè)句子的副詞以及perhaps,first,sometimes,finally等副詞,一般放在句首。

  eg.Finally,I finished the work.

  Perhaps he’s watching TV at home.

  (8)表示程度的副詞一般放在被修飾詞前,而enough則放在它所修飾的詞后。

  eg. He is old enough to go to school.

  (三)形容詞和副詞的比較等級(jí)

比較級(jí)、最高級(jí)的構(gòu)成

  (1)單音節(jié)和少數(shù)雙音節(jié)詞

 、僖话阍谠~尾加er或est

  greatgreatergreatest,youngyoungeryoungest,slow→slower→slowest

  ②以e結(jié)尾的只加r或st

  nicenicernicest,largelarger—largest.

  ③以輔音字母加y結(jié)尾的,先變y為i,再加er或est

  heavyheavierheaviest, easyeasiereasiest, busybusierbusiest, funnyfunnier+funniest,earlyearlier→earliest

 、芤灾刈x閉音節(jié)結(jié)尾的詞,先雙寫最末的一個(gè)輔音字母,再加er或est bigbiggerbiggest, thinthinnerthinnest,fat—)fatter→fattest,ht—)fitter→fittest

  (2)多音節(jié)和部分雙音節(jié)詞,前加more為比較級(jí),加(the)most為最高級(jí)

  careful→more carefulmost careful

  usefulmore usefulmost useful

  popular→more popular→most popular

  carelesslymore carelesslymost carelessly

  (3)不規(guī)則變化的詞

  good/well→better→best

  bad/ill/badly→worse→worst

  many/much→more→most

  little→less→least

  old→older/elder→oldest(指年齡大小)/eldest(指長(zhǎng)幼順序)

  far→farther/further→farthest(指距離)/furthest(指程度)

  2.形容詞和副詞比較級(jí)、最高級(jí)的用法

  (1)形容詞和副詞比較級(jí)的用法

 、儆糜趦烧弑容^,表示“比…更…”

  “A+系動(dòng)詞+形容詞比較級(jí)+than+B,

  eg.I am two years older than my little sister.

  “A+謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞+副詞比較級(jí)+than+B

  eg. She gets to school earlier than the other students.

 、谟糜趦烧咧g的同級(jí)比較,表示“…和…一樣”

  “A+系動(dòng)詞+as+形容詞原級(jí)+as+B,

  eg.Bill is as funny as his father.

  “A+謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞+as+副詞原級(jí)+as+B”

  eg.Lucy speaks Chinese as well as Lily.

 、郾硎炯自谀撤矫娌蝗缫

  “A+系動(dòng)詞+notas/so+形容i司原級(jí)+as十B”

  eg.These books aren’t as interesting as those.

  “A+助動(dòng)詞/情態(tài)動(dòng)詞+not+謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞+aS/SO+B”

  eg.She didn’t sing sO well that night as she usually does.

 、鼙硎灸硞(gè)范圍內(nèi)的兩者相比

  “A十動(dòng)詞十the+比較級(jí)+of短語(yǔ)(比較范圍)” eg.Penny is the taller of the two girls.Penny是這兩個(gè)女孩中較高的一個(gè)。

 、荼硎尽霸絹(lái)越…”:“比較級(jí)+and+比較級(jí)”

  eg.In spring the days are getting longer and longer. 在春天,白天變得越來(lái)越長(zhǎng)。

  ⑥表示“越…越…”:“the+比較級(jí)…the+比較級(jí)”

  eg.The mort:you practice using English,the better you’ll learn it 你英語(yǔ)練得越多,就會(huì)學(xué)得越好。

  ①可以用much,far,even,a bit,a little,a lot等修飾比較級(jí)表示程度,但決不可用very修飾。

  eg.Tom is a little taller than Mike.Tom比Mike稍高一點(diǎn);

  it is even colder today than yesterday。 今天甚至比更冷

  ⑧在比較級(jí)中,為了避免重復(fù),可用that或those代替前面提到過(guò)的事情。

  eg.The weather here is much hotter than that Ofour hometown.這兒比我的老家熱得多。

  The pants in this shop are a lot better than those in that shop.這家商店的褲子比那家商店的褲子質(zhì)量好得多。

  (3)形容詞和副詞最高級(jí)的用法

  對(duì)三者或三者以上的人或物進(jìn)行比較時(shí)用最高級(jí)。形容詞最高級(jí)前面要加定冠詞the,副詞最高級(jí)前可加the,也可省掉the;后面可帶of/in短浯來(lái)說(shuō)明比較范圍

  “主語(yǔ)+系動(dòng)詞+the+形容詞最高級(jí)+of短語(yǔ)/in短語(yǔ)”

  eg.She is the youngest Of all.

  “A+謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞+(the)+最高級(jí)+of短語(yǔ)/in短語(yǔ)”

  eg.Linda draws most carefully in her class.

 

   五、冠詞(art.)用在名詞前,幫助說(shuō)明其意義

  冠詞分為不定冠詞a/an和定冠詞the,放在名詞前、a/3n用在單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞前(a用于輔音音素開(kāi)頭的詞前,an用于元音音素開(kāi)頭的詞前)。

不定冠詞

   (1)不定冠詞的用法

 、俜褐浮惾嘶蛭。

  eg.This is a pencil case.

  She’S a doctor.

  ②指不具體的某個(gè)人或物。

  eg.I met an old man On my way home.

  ③用在序數(shù)詞前,相當(dāng)于another。

  eg.There’s a third boy near the shop.

 、鼙硎尽懊俊(個(gè))”,相當(dāng)于every。

  eg.They have music lessons twice a week.

 、莨潭ù钆洹

  a lot Of,a lot,a little,a few,a glass Of,such a/an, have a word with,have a look,have a try,have a swim,a quarter,half an hour, three times a day,have a talk,give a talk,ten Yuan a kilo

  (2)不定冠詞的位置

  ①不定冠詞—般放在所修飾的單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞前。

  eg,a bike,an egg

  ②當(dāng)名詞被such,what,many修飾時(shí),不定冠詞放在這些詞之后。

  eg.It took me half an hour to finish my homework.

  He left in such a hurry that he forgot to close the door.

  What a dangerous job it is!

  Many a man has gone to the big cities for work.

  ③當(dāng)名詞前的形容詞前有so,how,too等詞時(shí),不定冠詞應(yīng)放在形容詞之后。

  Eg. She was so nice a girl that she took the blind man to the station.

  How nice a film this is!

 、墚(dāng)名詞前面有形容詞和quite,rather,very時(shí),不定冠詞放在quite,rather之后,very之前。

  eg.It is quite a good book.

  That is rather a useful too1.

  This is a very interesting story

  2.定冠詞的用法表示上文中所提到過(guò)的人或物。

  eg:l have two children,a boy and a girl.The boy‘s name is Mark.The girl’s name is Penny.

  (2)特指某(些)人或物。

  eg: The girl in a red dress comes from America.

  (3)指說(shuō)話人和聽(tīng)話人都熟悉的人或物。

  eg: My shoes are under the bed.

  (4)用在形容最高級(jí)和部分比較級(jí)前。

  eg Tom is the taller of the two boys.

  (5)用在序數(shù)詞前。

  eg Monday is the second day of a week.

  (6)yo用在世界上獨(dú)一無(wú)二的事物前(如太陽(yáng)、月亮、世界、地球、天空、宇宙等)。

  cg The moon moves round the earth.

  (7)用在某些形容詞前,表示—類人或物。

  the rich(富人),the poor(窮人),the deaf(聾人),the blind(盲人),the dead(死者),the wounded(傷員)

  (8)用在姓氏復(fù)數(shù)前,表示“某某—家人”或“某某夫婦”。

  eg.The Greens are having dinner at home.

  (9)用在樂(lè)器前。

  eg.play the piano/guitar/violin/drums.

  (10)用于逢“十”的復(fù)數(shù)數(shù)詞前,指某個(gè)世紀(jì)中的幾十年代或人的大約年歲。

  eg. In the 1970s,a highway was built to linkup the city with my hometown.

  I think he is in the thirties.

  (11)用在某些專有名詞和習(xí)慣用語(yǔ)中。

  the United Nations,the Great Wall,the Summer Palace,the Palace Museum,in the end,in the day,in the middle Of,all the time,in the east,by the way,On the way tO,the(more)...

  the(more)…“越…越…”

  3.不用冠詞的情況

  (1)名詞前有指示代詞this,that,these,those時(shí)不用冠詞。

  eg.That girl is my friend.

  (2)名詞前有物主代詞my,your,his her,their等時(shí)不用冠詞。

  eg.Lucy is her sister.

  (3)名詞前有whose,which,SO[1ie,any,each,every等代詞時(shí)不用冠詞。

  eg.Which man is Mr Green?

  Each student has a beautiful picture.

  (4)復(fù)數(shù)名詞表示一類人或物時(shí)不用冠詞。

  eg.Those young men are teachers,not students.

  (5)物質(zhì)名詞表示種類時(shí)不用冠詞。

  eg.Snow is white.

  (6)抽象名詞表示一般概念時(shí)不用冠詞。

  eg.Does she like music?

  (7)在球類運(yùn)動(dòng)和棋類游戲前時(shí)不用冠詞。

  eg.play basketball/soccer/chess

  (8)在三餐前不用冠詞。

  eg.have breakfast/lunch/supper/dinner

  (9)在人名、地名、節(jié)假日、星期、月份前不用。

  eg·Tina,China,Tiananmen Square,Beijing,University,New Year’s Day,Tuesday,January

  (10)在學(xué)科和節(jié)目名稱前不用冠詞。

  eg.My favorite is English.

  (11)在某些固定搭配中不用冠詞。

  eg.at noon, at work,at home,by bus, by air,On foot,from morning till night,at night,gO tO school,go to bed,at last

  4.在有些詞組中,用冠詞和不用冠詞意思有較大區(qū)別。

  in hospital(在住院);in the hospital(在醫(yī)院)

  in prison(在坐牢);in the prison(在監(jiān)獄里)

  at table(吃飯,用餐);at the table(在桌旁)

  in front of(在某個(gè)范圍之外的前面);in the front of(在某個(gè)范圍之外的前面)

  go to college(上大學(xué));go to the college(去那所大學(xué))

  take place(發(fā)生);take the place(代替)

 

   六、數(shù)詞

  (一)基數(shù)詞 在英語(yǔ)中表示數(shù)目的詞稱為基數(shù)詞。

基數(shù)詞的構(gòu)成

   (1)1-20

  one,two,three,four,five,six,seven,eight,nine,ten,eleven,twelve,thirteen,fourteen,fifteen,

  sixteen,seventeen,eighteen,nineteen,twenty

  (2)21-99 先說(shuō)“幾十”,再說(shuō)“幾”,中間加連字符。

  23→twenty-three,34→thirty-four,45→forty—five,56→fifty-six,67→sixty-seven,78→seventy-eight,89→eighty-nine,91→ninety-one

  (3)101—999先說(shuō)“幾百”,再加and,再加末兩位數(shù)或末位數(shù);

  586→five hundred and eighty-six,803→eight hundred and three

  (4)l,000以上,先從右往左數(shù),每三位數(shù)加一個(gè)“,”,第一個(gè)“,”前為thousand.第二個(gè)“,”前為

  million,第三個(gè)“,”前為billion(美式)或thousand ,million(英式),然后一節(jié)一節(jié)地表示。

  1,001→one thousand and one

  9,785→nine thousand, seven hundred and eighty-five

  18,423→eighteen thousand,four hundred and twenty-three

  6,260,309→six million two hundred and sixty thousand three hundred and nine

  750,000,000,000→seven hundred and fifty, billion(美式) seven hundred and fifty thousand million(英式)

  2.基數(shù)詞的用法

  (1)作主語(yǔ)

  eg.Four Of them come from Paris.

  (2)作賓語(yǔ)

  eg.一 How many books would you like?

  一I would like two.

  (3)作表語(yǔ)

  eg.Seven minus two is five.

  (4)作定語(yǔ)

  eg.There are three people in my family·

  (5)作同位語(yǔ)

  eg. You two will go swimming with us.

  (6)表具體數(shù)字時(shí),hundred,thousand,million用單數(shù)。

  eg. There are six hundred students in our grade.

  (7)表不確定的數(shù)字時(shí),數(shù)詞用復(fù)數(shù)。若帶名詞,再加of hundreds of(數(shù)百,成百上千的),thousands of(數(shù)干,成千上萬(wàn)的),millions of(數(shù)百萬(wàn))

  eg,They arrived in two sand threes.他們?nèi)齼蓛傻貋?lái)了。

  (8)表示“…十”的數(shù)詞的復(fù)數(shù)可以表示人的歲數(shù)或年代。

  eg. He is in his early thirties.他有三十來(lái)歲(31—34歲)

  This took place in the 1930s.這事發(fā)生在二十世紀(jì)三十年代;

  (9)表示時(shí)刻

  eg.I watch CCTV News at seven o’clock every evening.

  (二)序數(shù)詞 在英語(yǔ)中表示順序、次序的詞稱為序數(shù)詞。

  1,序數(shù)詞的構(gòu)成

  (1)一般在基數(shù)詞后加th

  eg.four→fourth,thirteen→thirteenth

  (2)不規(guī)則變化

  one→first,two→second,three→third,five→fifth,eight→eighth,nine→ninth,twelve~twelfih

  (3)以y結(jié)尾的十位整數(shù),變y為ie再加th

  twenty→twentieth, forty→fortieth, ninety→ninetieth

  (4)從二十一后的“幾十幾”直至“幾百幾十幾”或“幾千幾百幾十幾”只將個(gè)位的基數(shù)詞變?yōu)樾驍?shù)詞。

  twenty-first,two hundred and forty-fifth

  2.序數(shù)詞的用法

  (1)序數(shù)詞作定語(yǔ)時(shí),一般要與定冠詞或物主代詞連用。

  eg.Tom is their second son.

  He is the first one to come here.

  (2)序數(shù)詞有時(shí)可與不定冠詞連用,表示數(shù)量上"又—",“再一”

  eg: He tried a second time.他又試了—次.

  Shall l ask him a third time?還要我再問(wèn)他—次嗎?我已問(wèn)了他兩次)

  (3)序數(shù)詞的縮寫形式為:阿拉伯?dāng)?shù)字加上這個(gè)詞的末尾兩個(gè)字母。

  1st 2nd,3rd,4th,20th,21st,22nd,23rd

  (4表示年、月、日時(shí),年用基數(shù)詞,日用序數(shù)詞。

  2005年8月15日:(英)15,8,2005=15th,August,2005;(美)8,15,2005=August 15th,2005

  (三)基數(shù)詞和序數(shù)詞都可以用來(lái)給數(shù)字編號(hào)。

  No.1(1號(hào)),No.3bus(3路公共汽車),Room 103,(103號(hào)旁間)

  The first lesson=Lesson Two(第二課)

  (四)分?jǐn)?shù)詞的表達(dá)

  分子用基數(shù)詞,分母用序數(shù)詞,分子大于1時(shí),分母加s

  eg.1/3-one third;2/5-two fifths

  (五)數(shù)學(xué)運(yùn)算的表達(dá)

  eg.3+5=8 Three plus/and five is eight.

  9-2=7 Nine minus two is seven.

  6x5=30 Five times six is thirty /six unutilized five is thirty.

  8÷2=4 Eight divided by two is four.

 

   七、介詞

  (一)表示時(shí)間的介詞

  (1)at

   ①接具體時(shí)間:eg.at six,at half past two,at ten to twelve

 、诒硎尽霸凇瓡r(shí)刻”;eg: at noon,at midnight

  (2)in

 、俦硎尽霸(某段時(shí)間段)之間”;

  eg.in January,in a month,in spring,in 2005

 、谠趯(lái)時(shí)中,表示“在某段時(shí)間之后”

  eg.In ten years,I think I‘ll be a reporter.

  (3)on

  表示在具體的某一天或某一天的上午、下午或晚上等。

  eg. On Monday,On Tuesday afternoon,On May4th,On the morning of July 6th

  (三)固定搭配的介詞

  (1)動(dòng)詞+介詞:look after,look at,look for,laugh at,listen to,hear from,turn On,turn off, wait for,worry about,think of,spend...On

  (2)介詞十名詞:by train,on foot,at the end of ,at last,in the end,in trouble,at table,at breakfast,

  in hospital,in time,On time, On one’s way to,with pleasure

  (3)be+形容詞+介詞:be afraid of ,be good at,be good/bad for, be late for,be interested in,be angry, with,be full of,be sorry for

  八、連詞(conj.用來(lái)連接詞與詞或句與句

  (1)并列連詞(用來(lái)連接平行的詞、詞組或分句)

 、俦聿⒘嘘P(guān)系:not only...but also,neither...nor,and

 、诒磉x擇關(guān)系:or,either...or

  ③表轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系:but,while

 、鼙硪蚬P(guān)系:for,so

  (2)從屬連詞(用來(lái)引導(dǎo)從句)

 、僖龑(dǎo)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句: after,before,when,while,as,until,till,since,as soon as

 、谝龑(dǎo)原因狀語(yǔ)從句:because,as,since

  ③引導(dǎo)目的狀語(yǔ)從句:so that,in order that

 、芤龑(dǎo)結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)從句:so that,so…that,such...that

 、菀龑(dǎo)比較狀語(yǔ)從句:than,as…as

 、抟龑(dǎo)賓語(yǔ)從句:that,if, whether

 

   九、動(dòng)詞(verb.)動(dòng)詞表示主語(yǔ)的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)

  (一)動(dòng)詞的種類。

  (1)及物動(dòng)詞vt,其后接賓語(yǔ)。

   eg.She wears a uniform.

  (2)不及物動(dòng)詞vi,不接賓語(yǔ)。

  eg :She can dance.

  (3)連系動(dòng)詞like-v.接表語(yǔ)。

  eg.They are nurses.

  That sounds interesting.

  His mother looks young.

  If you keep milk for too long, it goes bad.

  (4)助動(dòng)詞auxV.接動(dòng)詞原形或分詞(它無(wú)實(shí)在意思,只起語(yǔ)法作用)。

  eg, DO you like pandas?

  He has gone to Australia.

  She is looking at the cat.

  (5)情態(tài)動(dòng)詞mod-v.接動(dòng)詞原形(它不能單獨(dú)作謂語(yǔ),有自己的意思,無(wú)人稱和數(shù)的變化)。

  Eg. He must go now.

  You should clean the classroom after class.

  (6)有些動(dòng)詞既可作及物動(dòng)詞,也可作助動(dòng)詞或不及物動(dòng)詞,be也可作助動(dòng)詞。

  eg.I do my homework after class.(Vt.)

  Do as you like.(Vi.)

  She is a little bit quiet.(mod-v.)

  She is swimming now.(aux-v.)

  二)情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的用法

  (一)can,could,may的用法

  l .can/could

  (1)表示具有某種能力,意為“能,能夠,會(huì)”(could表過(guò)去)。

  eg.I can sing English songs.

  Lisa can’t speak Japanese.

  She could swim when she was four years old.

  (2)表示許:可、允許,意為“可以”。

  eg.Can we watch TV now?

  You can’t play computer games in the morning.

  (3)表示請(qǐng)求某人做某事,意為“能,能夠”(用could使晤氣更委婉)。

  eg.Can/Could you help me,please?

  (4)表示推測(cè)“可能”,多用于否定句和疑問(wèn)句中。(表肯定推測(cè)可用must,might,could等)

  cg。it can’t be true.這不可能是真的。

  Where can he have gone?他可能會(huì)去哪兒呢?

  2.may/might

  (1)表示許可、允許,意為“可以”,比can更正式。

  eg. May l use your pen?我可以用你的鋼筆嗎?

  May l ask you a question?我可以問(wèn)你—個(gè)問(wèn)題嗎?

  (2)表示推測(cè)“可能”,用于肯定句和否定句,不能用于疑問(wèn)句。

  eg.He may be at home now.他可能現(xiàn)在在家。

  She may not be there today.今天她可能不在那兒。

  (二)can與be able to的區(qū)別

兩者都可以用來(lái)表示能力。

  eg.I can/am able to mend the bike.

  2.can只有現(xiàn)在時(shí)(Can)和過(guò)去時(shí)(could),而be able to可用于多種時(shí)態(tài)。

  eg. I will be able to come back in another few months.

  He hasn’t been able to get there before dark.

  3.can可以表示推測(cè),但be able to不能。

  eg.That Can‘t be Gina‘s dictionary.

  4.can與be able to;不能重復(fù)使用

  eg.他能做好這件事。

  He can be able to do is well.(X)

  He can do it well.(√)

  He is able to do it well.(√)

  (三)must與have to的區(qū)別

主客觀方面不同。

  must表“義務(wù)”或“強(qiáng)制”,表示主觀的必要;在肯定句中must還可表推測(cè),語(yǔ)氣要比may肯定多。have to表“必須”或“不得不”,表示客觀的必要。

  eg.We must clean the room.(表示我們認(rèn)為房間太臟了。)

  We have to clean the room.(表示沒(méi)有人替我們打掃房間等客觀原因。)

  He must beat home before supper。(他晚飯前一定在家。)

  2.人稱和時(shí)態(tài)不同。

  must無(wú)人稱和時(shí)態(tài)的變化,一律用must十動(dòng)詞原形。have to后接動(dòng)詞原形,有人稱、數(shù)和時(shí)態(tài)的變化,一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)的第三人稱單數(shù)要用has to,過(guò)去時(shí)中要用had to,將來(lái)時(shí)中要用will have to。另外,have to還可與,情態(tài)動(dòng)詞和助動(dòng)詞連用。

  eg: Tom must practice his guitar every day.

  The train has left.We‘ll have to wait for the next train.

  3.否定式及意義不同。

  must not=mustn‘t“決不可/千萬(wàn)不可/務(wù)必不要”; don’t/doesn’t/didn’t/won’t+have to“不必”

  eg.We mustn’t tell jokes on him.我們千萬(wàn)不可與他開(kāi)玩笑。

  We don’t have to tell jokes on him.我們不必和他開(kāi)玩笑。

  在對(duì)May I…? 作否定回答時(shí)用No, you mustn’t/can’t.

  eg. May l go to the movies? NO,You mustn‘t

  5.疑問(wèn)式及回答不同。

  Must+主語(yǔ)+動(dòng)詞原形+…? Yes,主語(yǔ)+ must./NO,主語(yǔ)+needn’t.

  助動(dòng)詞+主語(yǔ)+have to+動(dòng)詞原形+…?

  Yes,主語(yǔ)+助動(dòng)詞./No,主語(yǔ)+助動(dòng)詞+not.

  eg.Must l go now? Yes,you must./NO,you needn’t

  Does she have to go to the doctor? Yes,she does./NO,she doesn’t.

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