四、虛擬語(yǔ)氣(Subjunctive Mood)
虛擬語(yǔ)氣用來表示說話人的愿望、請(qǐng)求、意圖、建議、懷疑、設(shè)想等未能或不可能成為事實(shí)的情況，以及在說話人看來實(shí)現(xiàn)的可能性很小的情況。
1. If 條件句中的虛擬語(yǔ)氣
If 非真實(shí)條件句所表示的假設(shè)是不可能或不大可能發(fā)生或?qū)崿F(xiàn)的，句中的主句與從句都用虛擬語(yǔ)氣，其構(gòu)成如下：
|
從句 |
主句 | |
|
與現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反 |
動(dòng)詞的過去式(be為were) |
would (should, could, might) + 動(dòng)詞原形 |
|
與過去事實(shí)相反 |
had + 過去分詞 |
would (should, could, might) + have + 過去分詞 |
|
與將來事實(shí)可能相反 |
動(dòng)詞過去式（should + 動(dòng)詞原形， were to + 動(dòng)詞原形） |
would (should, could, might) + 動(dòng)詞原形 |
例句：
If I had time, I would go to the movies with you.
If we hadn’t made adequate preparations, the conference wouldn’t have been so successful.
If it were to rain tomorrow, the game would be put off.
幾種特殊形式：
1)在非真實(shí)條件句中，有時(shí)從句的動(dòng)詞所表示的動(dòng)作和主句的動(dòng)詞所表示的動(dòng)作并不同時(shí)發(fā)生，在這樣的條件句中使用的虛擬式稱為混合虛擬式。其構(gòu)成視具體情況而定。例如：
If I had taken my raincoat when I came out this morning, I would not be wet now.
If I were you, I wouldn’t have missed the film last night.
2)引導(dǎo)非真實(shí)條件從句的連詞if在正式文體中有時(shí)可以省去，were, had, should等非行為動(dòng)詞這是應(yīng)提到從句句首。例如：
If I were you, I wouldn’t feel sorry.
Were I you, I wouldn’t feel sorry.
3)不用if引導(dǎo)的虛擬條件句時(shí)，without, but for, but that, otherwise等同樣表示虛擬。例如：
But for your help, they couldn’t have succeeded.
She wasn’t feeling well. Otherwise, she wouldn’t have left the meeting so early.
2. 其它的虛擬語(yǔ)氣形式
1)意為“提議、建議、請(qǐng)求、命令”等意思的動(dòng)詞所帶的從句(包括賓語(yǔ)從句和主語(yǔ)從句)中，謂語(yǔ)部分用(should +) 動(dòng)詞原形形式。詞類動(dòng)詞有：ask, advise, agree, arrange, beg, command, decide, demand, desire, determine, direct, instruct, insist, intend, maintain, move, order, persuade, pray, propose, recommend, request, require, suggest, tell, urge, stipulate等。例如：
I suggest that we (should) go camping tomorrow.
He insisted that our laboratory reports (should) be handed in the day after the experiment was done.
It’s proposed that a committee (should) be set up to look into the matter.
表示上述意思的名詞所帶的表語(yǔ)從句或同位語(yǔ)從句也采用相同的虛擬語(yǔ)氣的形式。如：
His suggestion is that we (should) go camping tomorrow.
His suggestion that we (should) go camping tomorrow is good.
注意：當(dāng)suggest, insist等詞不再表示“建議”或“堅(jiān)持要求”的含義時(shí)，其后的從句不再用虛擬語(yǔ)氣。當(dāng)上述名詞所帶的從句為定語(yǔ)從句時(shí)也不用虛擬語(yǔ)氣。例如：
His look suggested that he wasn’t telling the truth.
He insisted that he was right.
The suggestion that he made is good.
2)在 It is + 形容詞 + that從句的句型中，that引導(dǎo)的主語(yǔ)從句中的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞采用should + 動(dòng)詞原形形式，其中should常省略。常見此類形容詞有：absurd, advisable, better, best, desirable, (un)fair, fortunate, good, imperative, important, incredible, just, natural, (un)necessary, odd, pleasant, possible, preferable, right, ridiculous, sad, silly, unusual, urgent, vital, wrong等，表示必要、應(yīng)該、建議、要求、驚訝、不相信等意。例如：
It’s necessary that we (should) set out at once.
3)在lest, for fear that, in case等詞引導(dǎo)的從句中，謂語(yǔ)部分用 (should +) 動(dòng)詞原形表示虛擬。例如：
Grown people should never say or do anything wrong before children, lest they (should) set them a bad example.
4)虛擬語(yǔ)氣可用于wish后的賓語(yǔ)從句中，表示與事實(shí)相反的愿望。其表達(dá)形式一般是將謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞提前一個(gè)時(shí)態(tài)。例如：
I wish I had been to the concert last night.
I wish he would forgive me.
I wish I knew the spelling of the word now.
5)在would rather后面的從句中，動(dòng)詞也要求用虛擬語(yǔ)氣，表示某人的愿望。其表達(dá)形式一般是將謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞提前一個(gè)時(shí)態(tài)。例如：
I’d rather you left tomorrow instead of today.
I’d rather you hadn’t done anything like that.
I’d rather stay at home instead of going outside.
6)在由as if, as though引導(dǎo)的方式狀語(yǔ)從句中，表示和現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反或?qū)ΜF(xiàn)在情況有所懷疑，或表示與主句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞同時(shí)或其后的假設(shè)情況時(shí)，從句中謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用過去時(shí)。表示過去想象中的動(dòng)作或情況或表示在主句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞所表示時(shí)間之前的假設(shè)情況，從句用過去完成時(shí)。如果表示的情況很可能發(fā)生或是事實(shí)，則用陳述語(yǔ)氣。例如：
She looks as if she knew all about it.
They talked as though they had got acquainted with each other for years.
7)在if only引起的感嘆句中，用謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的一般過去時(shí)表示與現(xiàn)在的事實(shí)相反的情況，用過去完成時(shí)表示與過去事實(shí)相反的情況。例如：
If only he knew our telephone number!
If only I had prepared for the examination last night.
8)It is (high, about) time that…的句型要求用虛擬式，表示應(yīng)該做還沒有做的事。其表達(dá)形式一般是謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞使用過去時(shí)態(tài)。例如：
It’s high time that he stopped smoking.
It’s about time that we took our leave.
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2013 年6月大學(xué)英語(yǔ)四級(jí)(CET-4)高頻詞匯匯總
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