歷年考研英語試題命題特點(diǎn)及規(guī)律(寫作B部分)

　　(二)段落的拓展

　　1.段落的作用

　　首先，好的段落要求每段只能有一個(gè)主題，圍繞一個(gè)中心思想展開。與中心不同的觀點(diǎn)或無關(guān)的內(nèi)容都應(yīng)刪去。其次，結(jié)構(gòu)連貫：適當(dāng)?shù)剡\(yùn)用過渡詞指明文章內(nèi)部的邏輯關(guān)系。

　　Example 1

　　Reforming and opening up have helped the villagers to live a comfortable life. (主題句) Before 1983 the village practiced a collective ownership system，whereby the villagers picked and baked tea leaves together.Life was hard and their income meager，so they had no incentive to work hard.“We got rich after the fields were parceled out to households in 1983，” says Sun Jinrong.Since then，the villagers have tilled their own plots.Having learned to follow the laws of the market economy and competition，their living standards have greatly improved.

　　段首提出中心論點(diǎn)：改革開放使茶農(nóng)過上了好日子。后按時(shí)間順序，先描寫1983年以前吃大鍋飯的情形，又說改革開放后生活水平的提高。前后形成對(duì)比，充分說明論點(diǎn)。

　　Example 2

　　I hold the view that children can play computer games in their spare time，and the reasons are explored as follows. First， computer games should be played moderately，with the control of parents. It can help children to relax and improve their efficiency in their studies. Second，playing computer games moderately can offer children chances to develop their creativity，which is essential for their success in study. Third， playing computer games can broaden children’s knowledge. It is well-known that a machine will break down if it keeps running without a stop. Similarly， if a child keeps studying without relaxation，he will be tired out. And if a child spends all this time studying，he will become a dull boy in the ivory tower.

　　本段開頭點(diǎn)出中心，然后用過渡詞指出三個(gè)原因。最后加以總結(jié)。文章結(jié)構(gòu)一目了然。

　　2.關(guān)于段落的寫作方法

　　(1)定義法

　　當(dāng)考生提出的概念或觀點(diǎn)很抽象，涉及面廣時(shí)，考生需要對(duì)概念進(jìn)行解釋，限定內(nèi)容，從而縮小討論的焦點(diǎn)。如：

　　Ambition is like choler (膽汁)，which is a humour，that makes men active，earnest，full of alacrity，and stirring，if it be not stopped. But if it be stopped，and cannot have its way，it becomes angry，and malign. So ambitious men，if they find the way open for their rising，and still get forward，they’re rather busy than dangerous; but if they be checked in their desires，they become secretly discontent，and look upon men and matters，with an evil eye.

　　本文是對(duì)抱負(fù)/雄心的分析。而這個(gè)題目本身范圍太廣，因此作者先給它下了個(gè)定義，確定討論的方向：抱負(fù)/雄心在不同條件下表現(xiàn)出來的不同特性。這樣就縮小了討論范圍，確定了討論的方向。

　　當(dāng)然作者也可通過從句來對(duì)事物進(jìn)行定義和解釋，如：

　　Hemophilia is called the bleeder’s disease because the afflicted person’s blood is unable to clot.

　　(2)時(shí)間、空間順序法

　　以事情發(fā)展的順序，或時(shí)間的先后安排材料。在描寫、分析社會(huì)變化的文章中常用順序進(jìn)行寫作，同時(shí)也可以起到新舊對(duì)比論證的作用。如：

　　Before a stop sign was put up， there were one hundred and twenty accidents there in a year. After a stop sign was put up，there were only forty accidents in a year. Having the stop sign there decreased the number of accidents immediately.

　　文章用時(shí)間上的對(duì)比來論證了豎標(biāo)牌的作用。通過時(shí)間順序安排材料，結(jié)構(gòu)清晰，論證了標(biāo)牌的作用。

　　當(dāng)圖畫比較復(fù)雜，而且方位較強(qiáng)時(shí)，考生可按照空間順序進(jìn)行描述。這樣，考生既可以對(duì)描寫思路有所了解，又可使文章結(jié)構(gòu)清晰。如：

　　The kitchen was in a mess. Along the left wall were the counter and sink covered with dirty dishes and garbage. On the far wall the washing machine groaned under a load of filthy clothes. Right next to the door where I was standing，on my right，I saw a table cluttered with old newspapers，an overturned catsup bottle. At the far end of the right wall the refrigerator stood with door ajar. It was the messiest kitchen I had ever seen.

　　(3)因果分析法

　　這種方法是一種分析法，在闡釋觀點(diǎn)中常用。按因果關(guān)系的不同，可以分為一因一果、一因多果、一果多因。單一的因果關(guān)系往往用來分析簡單的問題。而對(duì)于文章主要論點(diǎn)的分析，應(yīng)采用一因多果、一果多因的方法，這樣可以全方位多個(gè)角度透徹地分析問題。如：

　　The Beijing subway is to adopt international signs.(主題句)The Chinese characters originally used for east，west，south and north are to be replaced by the letters A，B，C and D. The subway operator explained that the four Chinese characters indicating directions no longer meet the needs of passengers，given the diversity of subway stations and increases in the number of entrances and exits.(因)Therefore，universal signs used worldwide will be adopted.(果)

　　文章分析了北京地鐵采用國際化標(biāo)志的原因，為一因一果的形式。再如：

　　The main reason why professors should give frequent exams (果) is that when they do and when they provide feedback to students on how well they’re doing，students learn more in the course and perform better on major exams (原因1).Moreover，If students had frequent exams in all their courses，they would have to schedule study time each week and gradually would develop a habit of frequent study (原因2).

　　作者采用一果多因的方法分析了教授應(yīng)經(jīng)常測(cè)試學(xué)生的原因。

　　(4)例證法

　　考生可以用他人的例子，自己的經(jīng)歷或名人的故事作為實(shí)例，來把論點(diǎn)具體化。從考生的作文中，我們可以看出，貼切、具有社會(huì)深度的例子可以有效地深化主題。為了能在考試中很好地舉例，平時(shí)應(yīng)對(duì)有社會(huì)意義的例子多加積累、分類。如：

　　It is very difficult to evaluate another person’s performance objectively. For example，Jane recently wrote irresponsible remarks about her instructor because she was failing the course. Her friend Sam wrote a great description of the same instructor because he was receiving an A in the course. Both Jane and Sam were not fairly evaluating the instructor. They were influenced by the grades they were earning and were biased in their judgement.

　　本段通過兩個(gè)例子的對(duì)比，論證了很難客觀地評(píng)價(jià)一個(gè)人。

　　(5)分類法

　　分類法是根據(jù)不同的類別來討論，這可以使很復(fù)雜的內(nèi)容變得層次清晰，論述更全面。如：

　　“The wolf has come!” No one knows who gave the first warning，but it made a large impact on two main groups： the common people and entrepreneurs. The common people hoped that it would mean more inexpensive commodities，while entrepreneurs worried about encirclement by transnational companies.

　　本段通過兩種不同類型的人對(duì)同一問題的不同看法，表明不同的中國人對(duì)入世的不同期待和看法。

　　(6)對(duì)比和對(duì)照法

　　對(duì)比法比較的是事物的相同點(diǎn);對(duì)照法比較的是事物的不同點(diǎn)。通過對(duì)比或?qū)φ帐煜ず筒皇煜さ氖挛�，考生可以了解不熟悉的事�?通過對(duì)比或?qū)φ障嗤�點(diǎn)或不同點(diǎn)，考生可以更準(zhǔn)確地評(píng)價(jià)事物。

　　如：

　　As a creature，I eat; as a man，I read. Although one action is to meet the primary need of my body and the other is to satisfy the intellectual need of my mind，they are in a way quite similar.

　　To keep ourselves alive，we need all kinds of nutrition. 1) Eating is the most important way by which we can get starch，protein，vitamin，sugar，fat，and some trace elements. 2) On the other hand，we eat not only because we have to do so，but also because we enjoy doing so. Having satisfied our hunger，eating can then be a kind of enjoyment. The color，the smell，and the taste of the food are considered as important as its nutritive value. Very often we eat some food not because it is nourishing but simply because welike it.

　　Similarly，to enrich our minds，we need information and knowledge，which can be obtained through reading.1) Reading is one of the most important ways of learning. Without reading our minds will become empty like that of an animal. 2) Sometimes，we take reading as a pastime，and we relax and learn at the same time. Since recreation is involved，we will naturally have a partiality for some particular kinds of books，just as we do for certain kind of food.

　　Besides，there are other similarities between eating and reading. 1)We should not eat too much without digesting and assimilating，nor should we read too much without understanding and remembering. 2) While we are eating， we should leave out the rotten part of the food which will do harm to our health; and while we are reading，we should be able to reject the poisonous content in a book，for it will poison our minds.

　　So，eat sensibly and read sensibly to give yourself a strong body and a healthy mind.

　　本文比較了吃飯與讀書的異同。第二、三段采用的是主題法比較它們的相同之處，第四段是通過要點(diǎn)式來進(jìn)行比較的。